Female bladder outlet obstruction: an update on diagnosis and management

Purpose of review The diagnosis and evaluation of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in women remains a challenging topic. The goal of this study is to review recent literature and summarize the diagnosis and management of BOO with special focus on recent progress. Recent findings In recent years, numerous advances in the area of female BOO have taken place including a movement towards unified diagnostic criteria, summary of functional and anatomic causes, and exploration of potential diagnostic options. Summary This review discusses the known diagnosis and management of female bladder outlet obstruction, yet highlights specific functional causes, new criteria available for diagnosis, and long-term results of treatment options.