Journal
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 11, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02166
Keywords
tumor microenvironment; cancer stem cells (CSC); disseminated cancer cells (DCC); reawakening; dormancy; immunoediting of cancer; immune escape; tumor evolution
Categories
Funding
- Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC) [18418, 20417]
- Ministero Italiano della Salute [RF_GR-2013-02357273]
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (Candiolo, Turin, Italy)
- Compagnia di San Paolo (Torino, Italy)
- Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC, 5x1000) [9979]
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Cancer cell dormancy is a common feature of human tumors and represents a major clinical barrier to the long-term efficacy of anticancer therapies. Dormant cancer cells, either in primary tumors or disseminated in secondary organs, may reawaken and relapse into a more aggressive disease. The mechanisms underpinning dormancy entry and exit strongly resemble those governing cancer cell stemness and include intrinsic and contextual cues. Cellular and molecular components of the tumor microenvironment persistently interact with cancer cells. This dialog is highly dynamic, as it evolves over time and space, strongly cooperates with intrinsic cell nets, and governs cancer cell features (like quiescence and stemness) and fate (survival and outgrowth). Therefore, there is a need for deeper insight into the biology of dormant cancer (stem) cells and the mechanisms regulating the equilibrium quiescence-versus-proliferation are vital in our pursuit of new therapeutic opportunities to prevent cancer from recurring. Here, we review and discuss microenvironmental regulations of cancer dormancy and its parallels with cancer stemness, and offer insights into the therapeutic strategies adopted to prevent a lethal recurrence, by either eradicating resident dormant cancer (stem) cells or maintaining them in a dormant state.
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