Journal
CURRENT OPINION IN SOLID STATE & MATERIALS SCIENCE
Volume 20, Issue 1, Pages 13-24Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.cossms.2015.10.001
Keywords
Nucleation; Crystal growth; Ultrasonic treatment; Aluminum alloys; Magnesium alloys; Titanium alloys; Pulsed magneto-oscillation; X-ray radiography; Additive manufacturing
Funding
- ARC Discovery Projects [DP120101672, DP140100702]
- Linkage Project [LP150100950]
- ExoMet Project
- European Commission's 7th Framework Programme [FP7-NMP3-LA-2012280421]
- European Space Agency
- Australian Research Council [LP150100950] Funding Source: Australian Research Council
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Grain refinement leads, in general, to a decreased tendency to hot tearing, a more dispersed and refined porosity distribution, and improved directional feeding characteristics during solidification. Reduced as cast grain size can also lead to improved mechanical properties and wrought processing by reducing the recrystallized grain size and achieving a fully recrystallized microstructure. It is now well established that the two key factors controlling grain refinement are the nucleant particles including their potency, size distribution and particle number density, and the rate of development of growth restriction, Q, generated by the alloy chemistry which establishes the undercooling needed to trigger nucleation events and facilitates their survival. The theories underpinning our current understanding of nucleation and grain formation are presented. The application of the latest theories to the light alloys of Al, Mg and Ti is explored as well as their applicability to a range of casting and solidification environments. In addition, processing by the application of physical processes such as external fields and additive manufacturing is discussed. To conclude, the current challenges for the development of reliable grain refining technologies for difficult to refine alloy systems are presented. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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