Catalytic Conversion of α-Pinene to High-Density Fuel Candidates Over Stannic Chloride Molten Salt Hydrates

The synthesis of dimeric products from monoterpene hydrocarbons has been studied for the development of renewable high-density fuel. In this regard, the conversion of alpha-pinene in turpentine over stannic chloride molten salt hydrates (SnCl4 center dot 5H(2)O) as a catalyst was investigated, and the reaction products were analyzed with gas chromatography/flame ionization detector/mass spectrometer (GC/FID/MS). Overall, the content of alpha-pinene in a reaction mixture decreased precipitously with an increasing reaction temperature. Almost 100% of the conversion was shown after 1 h of reaction above 90 degrees C. From alpha-pinene, dimeric products (hydrocarbons and alcohols/ethers) were mostly formed and their yield showed a steady increase of up to 61 wt% based on the reaction mixture along with the reaction temperature. This conversion was thought to be promoted by Bronsted acid activity of the catalyst, which resulted from a Lewis acid-base interaction between the stannic (Sn-(IV)) center and the coordinated water ligands. As for the unexpected heteroatom-containing products, oxygen and chlorine atoms were originated from the coordinated water and chloride ligands of the catalyst. Based on the results, we constructed not only a plausible catalytic cycle of SnCl4 center dot 5H(2)O but also the mechanism of catalyst decomposition.