Marine protist associations and environmental impacts across trophic levels in the twilight zone and below

Marine protists are integral to marine food webs and exhibit complex relationships with other microbial taxa. Phagotrophic protists contribute significantly to carbon turnover in the sunlit ocean and evidence suggests grazing in the dark ocean can be significant as well. New in situ sampling technologies hold great promise for more accurately accessing these impacts. The molecular signatures of parasitic protists comprise significant fractions of many high-throughput sequencing datasets, suggesting a major role in controlling populations of their host(s). The prokaryotic symbionts of free-living protists can be numerous, and, particularly in low-oxygen to anoxic marine habitats, their collective metabolisms may contribute significantly to biogeochemical cycling. This short review addresses principally planktonic communities in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic dark ocean.