Preharvest and Postharvest Application of Garlic and Rosemary Essential Oils for Controlling Anthracnose and Quality Assessment of Strawberry Fruit During Cold Storage

This study assessed the feasibility of using essential oils (EOs) againstColletotrichum nymphaeaeinciting strawberry anthracnose. Two EOs, extracted fromAllium sativum(garlic) andRosmarinus officinalis(rosemary), were selected because their fungicide efficacy was already well characterized under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. We characterized both EOs in terms of efficacy and impact on qualitative traits and sensory quality of strawberry fruit. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the Diallyl trisulfide (29.08%) and (alpha)-pinene (15.779%) as the main components ofA. sativumandR. officinalisEOs, respectively. BothA. sativumandR. officinalisEOs significantly inhibited the mycelial growth and conidial germination ofC. nymphaeaein contact and vapor assays compared with untreated control. However, EC(50)assay indicatedA. sativumEO was more effective thanR. officinalisEO against the pathogen. Malformations of the vegetative structures of the pathogen exposed to both EOs were revealed as shriveled, collapsed, and swelling mycelia in the cultures. Both EOs confirmed their efficacy underin vivoand greenhouse conditions; in fact, they significantly reduced the development of fruit decay and anthracnose disease incidence and severity, compared with untreated controls. Both EOs preserved sensory attributes and quality parameters of strawberry fruit including firmness, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid, antioxidant activity, and anthocyanin, but may leave unwanted smells. These findings suggest that two EOs can potentially represent an alternative to synthetic chemical fungicides againstC. nymphaeaepreserving fruit quality factors, although their cost and the impact on the fruit odor must be carefully taken into consideration before developing a commercial product.