Abnormal Strong Upwelling off the Coast of Southeast Vietnam in the Late Summer of 2016: A Comparison with the Case in 1998

The traditional view holds that a weakened upwelling has often been observed off the coast of southeast Vietnam during the post-El Nino summer. This study investigated a strong upwelling and concurrent phytoplankton bloom off the coast of southeast Vietnam in August 2016 by comparing it with another case in 1998. Analyses of the upwelling structure and formation mechanisms indicated that the abnormal strong upwelling in August 2016 was attributable to strong wind-driven offshore Ekman transport and Ekman pumping, which were caused by the accompanying southwesterly anomalies south of the anomalous cyclone (AC) over the western North Pacific (WNP), and vice versa in August 1998. This anomalous southwesterly wind associated with the AC over the WNP could not be explained by La Nina, the negative Indian ocean dipole, or the positive Pacific meridional mode events. Further analyses showed that the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO)-induced westerly winds could have contributed more than 75% of the original zonal winds. Nine tropical cyclones generated over the WNP were favorable for excessive precipitation. The opposite configurations of precipitation patterns over the WNP and the Maritime Continent could have further strengthened the AC via a Gill response.