Effective balance equations for electrostrictive composites

This work concerns the study of the effective balance equations governing linear elasticelectrostrictive composites, where mechanical strains can be observed due to the application of a given electric field in the so-calledsmall strain and moderate electric field regime. The formulation is developed in the framework of theactive elastic composites. The latter are defined as composite materials constitutively described by an additive decomposition of the stress tensor into a purely linear elastic contribution and another component, which is assumed to be given and quadratic in the applied electric field when further specialised to electrostrictive composites. We derive the new mathematical model by describing the effective mechanical behaviour of the whole material by means of theasymptotic(periodic)homogenisationtechnique. We assume that there exists a sharp separation between themicro-scale, where the distance among different sub-phases (i.e. inclusions and/or fibres and/or strata) is resolved, and themacro-scale, which is related to the average size of the whole system at hand. This way, we formally decompose spatial variations by assuming that every physical field and material property are depending on both the macro-scale and the micro-scale. The effective governing equations encode the role of the micro-structure, and the effective contributions to the global stress tensor are to be computed by solving appropriate linear-elastic-type cell problems on the periodic cell. We also provide analytic formulae for the electrostrictive tensor when the applied electric field is either microscopically uniform or given by a suitable multiplicative decomposition between purely microscopically and macroscopically varying components. The obtained results are consistently compared with previous works in the field, and can pave the way towards improvement of smart active materials currently utilised for engineering (possibly bio-inspired) purposes.