Journal
CURRENT BIOLOGY
Volume 26, Issue 2, Pages 244-251Publisher
CELL PRESS
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.038
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Funding
- UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
- Research Council of Norway (NFR) [214271, 178766, 216537, 226471]
- NRC
- ENI Norge AS [EWMA: 195160]
- NSF [OPP-9910305, OPP-0352754, ARC-0856330, 1203473]
- Institute of Ocean Sciences - Fisheries and Oceans, Canada
- Institute of Ocean Sciences
- NERC [NE/H012524/1, NE/F012381/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Natural Environment Research Council [NE/F012381/1, NE/H012524/1] Funding Source: researchfish
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In extreme high-latitude marine environments that are without solar illumination in winter, light-mediated patterns of biological migration have historically been considered non-existent [1]. However, diel vertical migration (DVM) of zooplankton has been shown to occur even during the darkest part of the polar night, when illumination levels are exceptionally low [2, 3]. This paradox is, as yet, unexplained. Here, we present evidence of an unexpected uniform behavior across the entire Arctic, in fjord, shelf, slope and open sea, where vertical migrations of zooplankton are driven by lunar illumination. A shift from solar-day (24-hr period) to lunar-day (24.8-hr period) vertical migration takes place in winter when the moon rises above the horizon. Further, mass sinking of zooplankton from the surface waters and accumulation at a depth of 50 m occurs every 29.5 days in winter, coincident with the periods of full moon. Moonlight may enable predation of zooplankton by carnivorous zooplankters, fish, and birds now known to feed during the polar night [4]. Although primary production is almost nil at this time, lunar vertical migration (LVM) may facilitate monthly pulses of carbon remineralization, as they occur continuously in illuminated mesopelagic systems [5], due to community respiration of carnivorous and detritivorous zooplankton. The extent of LVM during the winter suggests that the behavior is highly conserved and adaptive and therefore needs to be considered as baseline zooplankton activity in a changing Arctic ocean [6-9].
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