Review on design factors of microbial fuel cells using Buckingham's Pi Theorem

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have become a promising approach to generate cleaner and more sustainable electrical energy. Involvement of various disciplines had been contributing to enhance the performance of the MFCs. Factors affecting the performance such as chemical components, bacteria species, electrodes materials, flow interaction and electrical parts are being widely reviewed, however most of the research are highly field-specific without considering other important variables from different disciplines. In this study, Buckingham's Pi Theorem has been utilized to be implemented in the design pattern of MFCs. Several dominated variables of interest have also been pointed out including the design limitation. Modelling and application of Buckingham's Pi Theorem has been discussed as well which is useful for performance enhancement of MFCs and their application in wastewater treatment in the future.