Energy demand science for a decarbonized society in the context of the residential sector

To develop a decarbonized society, two contradictory requirements must be met: (1) reducing energy demand and (2) creating flexibility in energy demand in order to respond to fluctuations in renewable electricity generation. To help meet these requirements, conventional energy efficiency studies should be extended to incorporate energy demand science. This paper presents a definition of energy demand science and then reviews the related history and research questions of energy demand science in the context of the residential sector. It then examines three key areas that must be integrated into the next-generation energy demand science: (1) energy demand measurement with detailed granularity and analysis using cutting-edge technology, (2) energy demand modeling that helps clarify the formation mechanism of energy demand, and (3) identification of the factors that influence people's decision making, which represents typical human-dimension research. Energy demand science consists of technical, human, natural environment, demographic, and land-use dimensions, and their integration is key for the establishment of a decarbonized society.