Efficacy of Fludora® Fusion (a mixture of deltamethrin and clothianidin) for indoor residual spraying against pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors: laboratory and experimental hut evaluation

Background: A new generation of IRS insecticides which can provide improved and prolonged control of pyrethroid-resistant malaria vector populations are being developed. Fludora (R) Fusion is a new IRS insecticide containing a mixture of deltamethrin and clothianidin, a neonicotinoid. Methods: The efficacy of Fludora (R) Fusion IRS was evaluated over 11-12 months on concrete and mud substrates in laboratory bioassays and experimental huts against wild free-flying pyrethroid-resistantAnopheles gambiae(sensu lato) in Cove, Benin. A comparison was made with the two active ingredients of the mixture; clothianidin and deltamethrin, applied alone. CDC bottle bioassays were also performed to investigate resistance to clothianidin in the wild vector population. Results Fludora (R) Fusion induced > 80% laboratory cone bioassay mortality with both susceptible and pyrethroid-resistantAn. gambiae(s.l.) for 7-9 months on concrete block substrates and 12 months on mud block substrates. The vector population at the experimental hut site was fully susceptible to clothianidin in CDC bottle bioassays. Overall mortality rates of wild free-flying pyrethroid-resistantAn. gambiae(s.l.) entering the experimental huts during the 11-month trial were < 15% with deltamethrin and significantly higher with Fludora (R) Fusion (69-71%) and clothianidin alone (72-78%). Initial high experimental hut mortality rates with Fludora (R) Fusion (> 80%) only declined by 50% after 8 months. Monthlyin situwall cone bioassay mortality of susceptible mosquitoes was > 80% for 9-12 months with Fludora (R) Fusion and clothianidin alone. Fludora (R) Fusion induced significantly higher levels of early exiting of mosquitoes compared to clothianidin alone (55-60% vs 37-38%,P < 0.05). Conclusions: Indoor residual spraying with Fludora (R) Fusion induced high and prolonged mortality of wild pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors for 7-10 months mostly due to the clothianidin component and substantial early exiting of mosquitoes from treated huts due to the pyrethroid component. Fludora (R) Fusion is an important addition to the current portfolio of IRS insecticides with the potential to significantly reduce transmission of malaria by pyrethroid-resistant mosquito vectors.