Core-collapse supernova neutrino emission and detection informed by state-of-the-art three-dimensional numerical models

Based on our recent three-dimensional core-collapse supernova (CCSN) simulations including both exploding and non-exploding models, we study the detailed neutrino signals in representative terrestrial neutrino observatories, namely Super-Kamiokande (Hyper-Kamiokande), DUNE, JUNO, and IceCube. We find that the physical origin of difference in the neutrino signals between 1D and 3D is mainly proto-neutron-star convection. We study the temporal and angular variations of the neutrino signals and discuss the detectability of the time variations driven by the spiral standing accretion shock instability (spiral SASI) when it emerges for non-exploding models. In addition, we determine that there can be a large angular asymmetry in the event rate (greater than or similar to 50 per cent), but the time-integrated signal has a relatively modest asymmetry (less than or similar to 20 per cent). Both features are associated with the lepton-number emission self-sustained asymmetry and the spiral SASI. Moreover, our analysis suggests that there is an interesting correlation between the total neutrino energy (TONE) and the cumulative number of neutrino events in each detector, a correlation that can facilitate data analyses of real observations. We demonstrate the retrieval of neutrino energy spectra for all flavours of neutrino by applying a novel spectrum reconstruction technique to the data from multiple detectors. We find that this new method is capable of estimating the TONE within the error of similar to 20 per cent if the distance to the CCSN is less than or similar to 6 kpc.

Automated summary

The study reveals the physical origin of differences in neutrino signals between 1D and 3D supernova models is primarily due to proto-neutron-star convection. The temporal and angular variations play a key role in detecting neutrino signals in non-exploding models. Additionally, a large angular asymmetry in event rates is found, but the overall signal shows relatively modest asymmetry.