Journal
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL
Volume 31, Issue 21, Pages 2289-2297Publisher
AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY
DOI: 10.1091/mbc.E19-11-0648
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Funding
- National Institutes of Health [5R01 GM-124024-04, 5R01 GM-097664-09, 1R35 GM-136337-01]
- National Science Foundation [1928900]
- Division Of Integrative Organismal Systems
- Direct For Biological Sciences [1928900] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Septins are a unique family of GTPases, which were discovered 50 years ago as essential genes for the asymmetric cell shape and division of budding yeast. Septins assemble into filamentous nonpolar polymers, which associate with distinct membrane macrodomains and subpopulations of actin filaments and microtubules. While structurally a cytoskeleton-like element, septins function predominantly as spatial regulators of protein localization and interactions. Septin scaffolds and barriers have provided a long-standing paradigm for the generation and maintenance of asymmetry in cell membranes. Septins also promote asymmetry by regulating the spatial organization of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton, and biasing the directionality of membrane traffic. In this 50th anniversary perspective, we highlight how septins have conserved and adapted their roles as effectors of membrane and cytoplasmic asymmetry across fungi and animals. We conclude by outlining principles of septin function as a module of symmetry breaking, which alongside the monomeric small GTPases provides a core mechanism for the biogenesis of molecular asymmetry and cell polarity.
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