Formation and fate of oil-related aggregates (ORAs) in seawater at different temperatures

In this study, the formation and fate of oil-related aggregates (ORAs) from chemically dispersed oil in seawater (SW) were investigated at different temperatures (5 degrees C, 13 degrees C, 20 degrees C). Experiments in natural SW alone, and in SW amended with typical marine snow constituents (phytoplankton and mineral particles), showed that the presence of algae stimulated the formation of large ORAs, while high SW temperature resulted in faster aggregate formation. The ORAs formed at 5 degrees C and 13 degrees C required mineral particles for sinking, while the aggregates also sank in the absence of mineral particles at 20 degrees. Early in the experimental periods, oil compound accumulation in ORAs was faster than biodegradation, particularly in aggregates with algae, followed by rapid biodegradation. High abundances of bacteria associated with hydrocarbon biodegradation were determined in the ORAs, together with algae-associated bacteria, while clustering analyses showed separation between bacterial communities in experiments with oil alone and oil with algae/mineral particles.