Strong biological carbon uptake and carbonate chemistry associated with dense shelf water outflows in the Cape Darnley polynya, East Antarctica

Formation of dense shelf water (DSW) in coastal polynyas (open water or thin sea-ice cover) in the sea-ice zone around Antarctica supplies Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) through overflow down the continental slope. In coastal polynyas, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is absorbed by the ocean in the early spring because of active primary production, and DSW formation is an important process for transporting this carbon from the sea surface to the deep ocean. However, there have been few quantitative evaluations of carbon consumption by active primary production and transport in coastal polynyas. Here, we examined the carbon dynamics in the Cape Darnley polynya (CDP), East Antarctica during austral summer 2009, by using carbonate system parameters combined with oceanographic mooring data. The partial pressure of CO2 in the CDP surface water was lower than that of the atmosphere and the mean and standard deviation of sea-air CO2 flux was estimated as - 6.5 +/- 6.9 mmol C m(-2) d(-1)(a negative value indicates absorption of atmospheric CO2 by the ocean). Vertical profiles of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration showed that concentrations in the bottom layer near the ocean floor were lower (by about 20 mu mmol kg(-1)) than those in the ambient water (e.g., modified Circumpolar Deep Water, mCDW). The low-DIC in the shelf water was maintained by the strong biological uptake of carbon imported from high-DIC mCDW within the water column. Therefore, low-DIC DSW overflowed down the continental slope, and low-DIC concentrations were maintained through an export pathway to the continental shelf. The annual production of dissolved organic carbon and particulate organic carbon on the shelf was estimated as 0.7 x 10(11) -1.5 x 10(11) mol C using the data for the DIC of DSW and current velocity data from a mooring in the CDP. Our results provide quantitative estimates for the potential role of carbon consumption by the active primary production and carbon transport by dense water formation in Antarctic coastal polynyas.