Journal
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE
Volume 85, Issue 3, Pages 1507-1521Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28531
Keywords
abdominal aorta; aortic blood flow; arterial spin labeling; ASL; chronic kidney disease; PCASL; pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling; renal blood flow; RBF; renal MRI; renal perfusion
Funding
- Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [IEDI-2017-00826]
- Siemens Healthcare Spain
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The study evaluated the labeling efficiency of pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) and identified gradient parameters to increase the robustness of PCASL for renal perfusion measurements. Simulations and experiments demonstrated that reducing gradient averages and selective to average gradient ratios improves PCASL efficiency. Significant differences in renal blood flow were found between chronic kidney disease patients and healthy controls in the study.
Purpose To evaluate labeling efficiency of pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) and to find the gradient parameters that increase PCASL robustness for renal perfusion measurements. Methods Aortic blood flow was characterized in 3 groups: young healthy volunteers (YHV1), chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients (CKDP), and healthy controls (HCO). PCASL inversion efficiency was evaluated through numeric simulations considering the measured pulsatile flow velocity profiles and off-resonance effects for a wide range of gradient parameters, and the results were assessed in vivo. The most robust PCASL implementation was used to measure renal blood flow (RBF) in CKDP and HCO. Results Aortic blood velocities reached peak values of 120 cm/s in YHV1, whereas for elderly subjects values were lower by approximately a factor of 2. Simulations and experiments showed that by reducing the gradient average (G(ave)) and the selective to average gradient ratio (G(max)/G(ave)), labeling efficiency was maximized and PCASL robustness to off-resonance was improved. The study in CKDP and HCO showed significant differences in RBF between groups. Conclusion An efficient and robust PCASL scheme for renal applications requires aG(max)/G(ave)ratio of 6-7 and aG(ave)value that depends on the aortic blood flow velocities (0.5 mT/m being appropriate for CKDP and HCO).
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