Monounsaturated oleic acid modulates autophagy flux and upregulates angiogenic factor production in human retinal pigment epithelial ARPE-19 cells

Aims: Dyslipidemia-associated diabetic retinopathy is featured by macular edema and retinal angiogenesis. This study investigated the in vitro lipotoxicity of free fatty acids and their modulatory roles in regulation of au-tophagy and angiogenic factor production in cultured human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) ARPE-19 cells. Main methods: ARPE-19 cells were exposed to monounsaturated oleic acid (OA), saturated palmitic acid (PA), or both. Cell viability, cell cycle distribution, migration, and autophagy of the treated cells were monitored. Angiogenic factor production was determined by RT-qPCR and ELISA. Key findings: OA, but not PA, at doses higher than 500 mu M significantly induced cytostasis and lipotoxicity in ARPE-19 cells. OA exposure not only markedly enhanced autophagy flux, but also enhanced cell migration, while PA suppressed motility of RPE cells. Meanwhile, OA stimulated de novo synthesis of angiogenic factors including VEGF and bFGF in ARPE-19 cells. Mechanistically, OA treatment stimulated not only AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K signaling, but also induced hyperphosphorylation of MAPK pathway mediators, including ERK, JNK and p38 MAPK, as well as NF-kappa B activation. Kinase inhibition assays showed that blockade of PI3K/Akt, MAPK and NF-kappa B pathways prevented the OA-upregulated VEGF transcription and its peptide release. Comparatively, only NF-kappa B inhibition significantly suppressed bFGF peptide release from ARPE-19 cells. Significance: Out findings support the OA-exhibited cytostasis, autophagy modulation and angiogenic factor production in RPE cells. This study sheds light on the interrelationship between metabolic disorder and retinopathy and provides molecular strategies for preventing and treating choroidal neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy.