Temporal and spatial characteristics of harmful algal blooms in the Bohai Sea during 1952-2014

Evidence was collected from harmful algal bloom (HAB) outbreaks in the Bohai Sea during 1952-2014. The geographic information system (GIS) was used to analyse the temporal and spatial distributions of these HAB events and, subsequently, to map the distribution of these events. The results reveal the following: (1) four areas had a high frequency of HABs: Bohai Bay, the coastal waters of the cities of Qinhuangdao and Yingkou, and the Yellow River estuary. In these areas, HABs occurred a total of 142 times, 18 of which exceeded 1000 km(2) in area. After 2000, the frequency of HAB outbreaks increased significantly. (2) The HAB occurrences exhibited significant seasonality (occurring during June to August). (3) Outbreaks of the dominant HAB plankton species, Noctiluca scientillans, Prorocentrum dentatum, Phaeocystis globosa, and Skeletonema costatum, occurred 57,11, 9, and 8 times, respectively. (4) Bohai Bay, the coastal waters of Qinhuangdao, and the Yellow River estuary suffered great harm caused by these HABs. This study utilized a visual approach to more fully identify the scope, distribution, and characteristics of HABs in the Bohai Sea over the past 63 years, thus providing useful information to support the monitoring and management program for HABs. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.