Journal
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Volume 397, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122609
Keywords
Droplet dispersion; Droplet evaporation; Enclosed bus environment; Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation; Relative humidity
Categories
Funding
- National Key Research and Development Program of China [2016YFC0202206, 2016YFC0202205, 2016YFC0202204]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [51811530017, 41875015]
- STINT, Sweden [dnr CH2017-7271]
- Key projects of Guangdong Natural Science Foundation, China [2018B030311068]
- Special Fund (International Cooperation) Project for Science and Technology Innovation Strategy of Guangdong Province, China [2019A050510021]
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation [2019M653147]
- National Supercomputer Center in Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Droplet dispersion carrying viruses/bacteria in enclosed/crowded buses may induce transmissions of respiratory infectious diseases, but the influencing mechanisms have been rarely investigated. By conducing high-resolution CFD simulations, this paper investigates the evaporation and transport of solid-liquid mixed droplets (initial diameter 10 mu m and 50 mu m solid to liquid ratio is 1:9) exhaled in a coach bus with 14 thermal manikins. Five air-conditioning supply directions and ambient relative humidity (RH = 35 % and 95 %) are considered. Results show that ventilation effectiveness, RH and initial droplet size significantly influence droplet transmissions in coach bus. 50 mu m droplets tend to evaporate completely within 1.8 s and 7 s as RH = 35 % and 95 % respectively, while 0.2 s or less for 10 mu m droplets. Thus 10 mu m droplets diffuse farther with wider range than 50 mu m droplets which tend to deposit more on surfaces. Droplet dispersion pattern differs due to various interactions of gravity, ventilation flows and the upward thermal body plume. The fractions of droplets suspended in air, deposited on wall surfaces are quantified. This study implies high RH, backward supply direction and passengers sitting at nonadjacent seats can effectively reduce infection risk of droplet transmission in buses. Besides taking masks, regular cleaning is also recommended since 85 %-100 % of droplets deposit on object surfaces.
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