Journal
JOURNAL OF CLIMATE
Volume 33, Issue 21, Pages 9083-9101Publisher
AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0948.1
Keywords
Frontogenesis/frontolysis; Boundary currents; Marine boundary layer; Air-sea interaction
Categories
Funding
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science [16H01844, JP19H05702, 6102]
- Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) through the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability (ArCS) Program
- Japanese Ministry of Environment through the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund [2-1904]
- Japan Science and Technology Agency through Belmont Forum CRA InterDec''
- MEXT as Program for Promoting Researches on the Supercomputer Fugaku (Large Ensemble Atmospheric and Environmental Prediction forDisaster Prevention and Mitigation)
- JSPS KAKENHI [19H05703]
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [19H05703, 6102] Funding Source: KAKEN
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High-resolution satellite observations and numerical experiments have revealed local enhancement of time-mean surface wind convergence along the axes of warm western boundary currents and divergence slightly poleward. Arecent study has suggested that frequent occurrence of persistent atmospheric fronts and sea level pressure (SLP) troughs along a sea surface temperature (SST) front are responsible for shaping the frontal-scale wind convergence and divergence contrast as seen in the wintertime climatology near the Kuroshio Extension (KE). These events tend to induce surface wind convergence with moderate magnitude. Through atmospheric reanalysis with high-resolution SST, the present study reveals that, as in the vicinity of the KE, surface wind convergence with moderate magnitude and divergence with moderate-to-extreme magnitude are found to play a primary role in shaping the climatological-mean wind convergence-divergence contrasts across the SST fronts near the Gulf Stream (GS) and Agulhas Return Current (ARC) in winter. In contrast, strong-to-extreme convergence events associated with synoptic-scale atmospheric disturbances are found to yield horizontally uniform time-mean wind convergence. Furthermore, cluster analysis and case studies suggest that persistent atmospheric fronts and SLP troughs are responsible for inducing moderate wind convergence also near the GS and ARC. Thus, these features are consistent with their counterpart near the KE, but the impacts of the ARC tend to be substantially weaker, probably due to its cooler SST among other potential factors.
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