Journal
JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 147, Issue 4, Pages 1354-+Publisher
MOSBY-ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.09.023
Keywords
Staphylococcus aureus; atopic dermatitis; second immunoglobulin-binding protein; Sbi; virulence factor; skin; kerati-nocytes; IL-33; TSLP; type 2 immune response
Categories
Funding
- LEO Foundation [LF16080]
- Government of the Sultanate of Oman
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science [17H06669, 16H06383, 19H00969, 18KK0191]
- Biotechnology & Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
- Wellcome
- University of Manchester Strategic Fund
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [19H00969, 18KK0191, 17H06669] Funding Source: KAKEN
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The study identified Sbi as a key virulence factor derived from Staphylococcus aureus, capable of inducing the release of IL-33 from human keratinocytes to promote type 2 immune responses underlying atopic dermatitis. This study sheds light on the mechanism of how S. aureus drives allergic pathology in AD patients in the absence of infection.
Background: Staphylococcus aureus is the dominant infective trigger of atopic dermatitis (AD). How this bacterium drives type 2 allergic pathology in the absence of infection in patients with AD is unclear. Objective: We sought to identify the S aureus?derived virulence factor(s) that initiates the cutaneous type 2-promoting immune response responsible for AD. Methods: In vitro human keratinocyte cell culture, ex vivo human skin organ explants, and the eczema-prone Nishikinezumi Cinnamon/Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology strain mouse were used as model systems to assess type 2-promoting immune responses to S aureus. Identification of the bioactive factor was accomplished using fast protein liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Bioactivity was confirmed by cloning and expression in an Escherichia coli vector system, and S aureus second immunoglobulin-binding protein (Sbi) mutant strains confirming loss of activity. Results: S aureus was unique among staphylococcal species in its ability to induce the rapid release of constitutive IL-33 from human keratinocytes independent of the Toll-like receptor pathway. Using the eczema-prone Nishiki-nezumi Cinnamon/ Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology strain mouse model, we showed that IL-33 was essential for inducing the immune response to S aureus in vivo. By fractionation and candidate testing, we identified Sbi as the predominant staphylococcus-derived virulence factor that directly drives IL-33 release from human keratinocytes. Immunohistology of skin demonstrated that corneodesmosin, a component of corneodesmosomes that form key intercellular adhesive structures in the stratum corneum, was disrupted, resulting in reduction of skin barrier function. Conclusions: S aureus-derived Sbi is a unique type 2-promoting virulence factor capable of initiating the type 2-promoting cytokine activity underlying AD. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021;147:1354-68.)
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