Beta-lactam-induced immediate hypersensitivity reactions: A genome-wide association study of a deeply phenotyped cohort

Background: beta-lactam antibiotics are associated with a variety of immune-mediated or hypersensitivity reactions, including immediate (type I) reactions mediated by antigen-specific IgE. Objective: We sought to identify genetic predisposing factors for immediate reactions to beta-lactam antibiotics. Methods: Patients with a clinical history of immediate hypersensitivity reactions to either penicillins or cephalosporins, which were immunologically confirmed, were recruited from allergy clinics. A genome-wide association study was conducted on 662 patients (the discovery cohort) with a diagnosis of immediate hypersensitivity and the main finding was replicated in a cohort of 98 Spanish cases, recruited using the same diagnostic criteria as the discovery cohort. Results: Genome-wide association study identified rs71542416 within the Class II HLA region as the top hit (P = 2 x 10(-14)); this was in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-DRB1*10:01 (odds ratio, 2.93; P = 5.4 x 10(-7)) and HLA-DQA1*01:05 (odds ratio, 2.93, P = 5.4 x 10(-7)). Haplotype analysis identified that HLADRB1*10:01 was a risk factor even without the HLADQA1*01:05 allele. The association with HLA-DRB1*10:01 was replicated in another cohort, with the meta-analysis of the discovery and replication cohorts showing that HLA-DRB1*10:01 increased the risk of immediate hypersensitivity at a genome-wide level (odds ratio, 2.96; P = 4.1 x 10(-9)). No association with HLA-DRB1*10:01 was identified in 268 patients with delayed hypersensitivity reactions to beta-lactams. Conclusions: HLA-DRB1*10:01 predisposed to immediate hypersensitivity reactions to penicillins. Further work to identify other predisposing HLA and non-HLA loci is required.

Automated summary

This study identified HLA-DRB1*10:01 as a genetic predisposing factor for immediate hypersensitivity reactions to beta-lactam antibiotics, particularly penicillins. Further research is needed to identify other predisposing HLA and non-HLA loci.