Journal
IONICS
Volume 27, Issue 1, Pages 181-190Publisher
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s11581-020-03791-3
Keywords
Sodium ion battery; Cathode material; Sodium vanadium phosphate; Co-doping
Funding
- Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province [201901D211217, 201801D121284]
- Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi (STIP)
- Major Science and Technology Projects of Shanxi Province [20181102018]
- Program for the Innovative Talents of Higher Education Institutions of Shanxi (PTIT)
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By co-doping K(+) and Zr(4+), the NVP structure was successfully optimized, increasing the Na(+) migration channels and intrinsic electrical conductivity, thereby significantly improving the electrochemical performance.
The Na3V2(PO4)(3)(NVP) and its binary-doped Na2.96K0.04V2-xZr(3/4)x(PO4)(3)/C are prepared by a facile solid-phase method. The crystal structure, morphological characteristics, and electrochemical properties are analyzed by XRD, XPS, SEM, and electrochemical tests. The results reveal that K(+)and Zr(4+)have been successfully doped into NVP system without damaging the original structure. The co-doping strategy can broaden the channels of Na(+)migration to facilitate the ionic conductivities. Meanwhile, it is beneficial to stabilizing the crystal structure effectively by introducing the K(+)and Zr(4+)with larger ionic radius. All the electrochemical properties of co-doped system are better than that of NVP, resulting from the lager channel for Na(+)diffusion and enhanced intrinsic electrical conductivities by co-doping. Notably, Na2.96K0.04V1.93Zr0.0525(PO4)(3)/C exhibits the best electrochemical performance. It delivers a high discharge capacity of 107.3 mAh g(-1)at 0.1 C; it remains 92.3 mAh g(-1)after 400 cycles at 2 C, corresponding to the capacity retention of 92.02%; it still maintains 100.0 mAh g(-1)even at 10 C rate.
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