Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS
Volume 56, Issue 5, Pages 5836-5847Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2020.2984741
Keywords
Energy storage; Charging stations; Uncertainty; Optimization; Generators; Planning; Load modeling; Bilevel optimization; charging station; distributed energy resource; energy pricing; plug-in electric vehicle (PEV); robust optimization
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [71601078, 51507061]
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [2018ZD13]
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power SystemWith Renewable Energy Sources [LAPS18006]
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We develop a bilevel model, which captures strategic decision making by plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) owners, to optimize the design of a PEV charging station with distributed energy resources. The upper level of the model determines the optimal configuration of the station and pricing schemes, whereas the lower level captures charging decisions by PEV owners. A robust formulation is employed to capture uncertain wholesale energy prices, renewable resource availability, and PEV flows. The resulting bilevel robust optimization model is transformed into an equivalent single-level optimization problem by replacing the lower level problem with Karush-Kuhn-Tucker optimality conditions. A column-and-constraint-generation algorithm is used to solve the resultant single-level problem. Results from a realistic case study and a parameter analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model in capturing the impacts of uncertainty and self-interested behavior by PEV owners.
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