Hydrothermal liquefaction of Cyanidioschyzon merolae and Salicornia bigelovii Torr.: The interaction effect on product distribution and chemistry

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) has proven to be a promising technology for processing wet biomass into valuable biofuel intermediates. We investigated the influence of HTL process parameters on the individual and co-liquefaction of Salicornia bigelovii Torr. (SL) and Cyanidioschyzon merolae (CM) biomass and their respective product properties and characteristics. SL and CM biomasses were subjected to HTL conditions of process temperatures (250-350 degrees C), 10 wt% solid loading, 30 min reaction time, and co-liquefaction ratios (80-20, 50-50, 20-80, CM-SL, respectively). The individual maximum HTL biocrude yields for CM (34.63 wt%) and SL (7.63 wt%) were obtained at 300 degrees C. In both cases, biocrude oils had a higher carbon and hydrogen content relative to those of the original biomass. The HHV (higher heating value) values for the biocrude samples ranged from 24.2 to 33.12 MJ/kg, which were significantly higher than those of the original biomasses. A positive synergistic effect was observed during the co-liquefaction of two biomasses, where the experimental yield of biocrude oil was higher than the theoretical value. During the co-liquefaction experiments, a maximum biocrude yield of 32.95 wt% was obtained at 300 degrees C and 80-20 CM-SL biomass mix ratio. Co-liquefaction led to an increase in the energy content of the co-liquefied biocrude oil and a higher energy recovery rate. The properties of HTL products and biomasses were determined with TGA, CHN elemental analyzer, GC/MS, bomb calorimeter, HACH Spectrophotometer, and ICP OES.