Journal
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
Volume 120, Issue 11, Pages 2417-2429Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04464-9
Keywords
Electromyography; Eccentric; Ergonomics; Shoulder injuries; Musculoskeletal; intramuscular
Categories
Funding
- IRSST in Canada [2014-0045]
- NSERC in Canada [RGPIN-2014-0391]
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Purpose Lowering a load could be associated with abnormal shoulder and scapular motion. We tested the hypothesis that lowering a load involves different shoulder muscle coordination strategies compared to lifting a load. Methods EMG activity of 13 muscles was recorded in 30 healthy volunteers who lifted and lowered a 6, 12 or 18 kg box between three shelves. Kinematics, EMG levels and muscle synergies, extracted using non-negative matrix factorization, were analyzed. Results We found greater muscle activity level during lowering in four muscles (+ 1-2% MVC in anterior deltoid, biceps brachii, serratus anterior and pectoralis major). The movements were performed faster during lifting (18.2 vs. 15.9 cm/s) but with similar hand paths and segment kinematics. The number of synergies was the same in both tasks. Two synergies were identified in similar to 75% of subjects, and one synergy in the others. Synergy #1 mainly activated prime movers' muscles, while synergy #2 co-activated several antagonist muscles. Synergies' structure was similar between lifting and lowering (Pearson's r approximate to 0.9 for synergy #1 and 0.7-08 for synergy #2). Synergy #2 was more activated during lowering and explained the greater activity observed in anterior deltoid, serratus anterior and pectoralis. Conclusion Lifting and lowering a load were associated with similar synergy structure. In 3/4 of subjects, lowering movements involved greater activation of a multiple antagonists synergy. The other subjects co-contracted all shoulder muscles as a unit in both conditions. These inter-individual differences should be investigated in the occurrence of shoulder musculoskeletal disorders.
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