Copper induces oxidative stress with triggered NF-kappa B pathway leading to inflammatory responses in immune organs of chicken

Copper (Cu) is a necessary trace mineral due to its biological activity. Excessive Cu can induce inflammatory response in humans and animals, but the underlying mechanism is still unknown. Here, 240 broilers were used to study the effects of excessive Cu on oxidative stress and NF-kappa B-mediated inflammatory responses in immune organs. Chickens were fed with diet containing different concentrations of Cu (11, 110, 220, and 330 mg of Cu/kg dry matter). The experiment lasted for 49 days. Spleen, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius (BF) on day 49 were collected for histopathological observation and assessment of oxidative stress status. Additionally, the mRNA and protein levels of NF-kappa B and inflammatory cytokines were also analyzed. The results indicated that excess Cu could increase the number and area of splenic corpuscle as well as the ratio of cortex and medulla in thymus and BF. Furthermore, excessive Cu intake could decrease activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px); but increase contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-1 beta; up-regulate mRNA levels of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-1, IL-1 beta, IL-2, iNOS, COX-2, NF-kappa B and protein levels of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, NF-kappa B, p-NF-kappa B in immune organs. In conclusion, excessive Cu could cause pathologic changes and induce oxidative stress with triggered NF-kappa B pathway, and might further regulate the inflammatory response in immune organs of chicken.