Acute fluorene-9-bisphenol exposure damages early development and induces cardiotoxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Fluorene-9-bisphenol (BHPF) is a substitute for bisphenol A (BPA), which is widely used to manufacture plastic products. Previous studies indicate that BHPF has an anti-estrogenic effect and induces cytotoxicity in mice oocytes. However, the effects of acute BHPF exposure on the aquatic organism obtain little attention. In this study, a series of BHPF concentrations (1 mu M, 2 mu M, 5 mu M, 10 mu M, 20 mu M) was used to exposed zebrafish embryos from 2 h post-fertilization (hpf). The results showed the LC50 at 96hpf was 2.88 mu M (1.01 mg/L). Acute exposure induced malformation in morphology, and retarded epiboly rate at 10hpf, increased apoptosis. Moreover, acute BHPF exposure led cardiotoxicity, by impeding cardiac looping, decreasing cardiac contractility (reducing the stroke volume and cardiac output, decreasing fractional shortening of ventricle). Besides that, BHPF exposure altered the expression of cardiac transcriptional regulators and development related genes. In conclusion, acute BHPF exposure induced developmental abnormality, retarded cardiac morphogenesis and injured the cardiac contractility. This study indicated BHPF would be an unneglected threat for the safety of aquatic organisms.