Journal
ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
Volume 202, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110906
Keywords
Pharmaceutical; Heavy metal; Mixture; Accumulation; Oxidative stress; Gene expression
Categories
Funding
- National Key Research and Development Program of China [2016YFD0200201-1]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [51709002, 51609001, 51809001]
- Environmental protection special research project of Anhui province [2017-09]
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The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF) is considered a contaminant of emerging concern. DCF can co-exist with heavy metals in aquatic environments, causing unexpected risks to aquatic organisms. This study aimed to assess the combined effects of DCF and cadmium (Cd) at environmentally relevant concentrations on the bioconcentration and status of oxidative stress and detoxification in Chironomus riparius larvae. The larvae were exposed to DCF (2 and 20 mu g L-1) and Cd (5 and 50 mu g L-1) alone or in mixtures for 48 h. The combined exposure to DCF and Cd was found to reciprocally facilitate the accumulation of each compound in larvae compared with single exposures. As indicated by the antioxidant enzyme activities, reduced glutathione levels, and malondialdehyde contents, the low concentration of the mixture (2 mu g L-1 DCF + 5 mu g L-1 Cd) did not alter the oxidative stress status in larvae, while the high concentration of the mixture (20 mu g L-1 DCF + 50 mu g L-1 Cd) induced stronger oxidative damage to larvae compared with single exposures. The expression levels of eight genes (CuZnSOD, MnSOD, CAT, GSTd3, GSTe1, GSTs4, CYP4G, and CYP9AT2) significantly decreased due to the high concentration of the mixture compared with single exposures in most cases. Overall, the results suggest that the mixture of DCF and Cd might exert greater ecological risks to aquatic insects compared with their individual compounds.
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