Innate lymphocytes: pathogenesis and therapeutic targets of liver diseases and cancer

The liver is a lymphoid organ with unique immunological properties, particularly, its predominant innate immune system. The balance between immune tolerance and immune activity is critical to liver physiological functions and is responsible for the sensitivity of this organ to numerous diseases, including hepatotropic virus infection, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune liver disease, and liver cancer, which are major health problems globally. In the past decade, with the discovery of liver-resident natural killer cells, the importance of innate lymphocytes with tissue residency has gradually become the focus of research. In this review, we address the current knowledge regarding hepatic innate lymphocytes with unique characteristics, including NK cells, ILC1/2/3s, NKT cells, gamma delta T cells, and MAIT cells, and their potential roles in liver homeostasis maintenance and the progression of liver diseases and cancer. A better understanding of the immunopathogenesis of hepatic innate lymphocytes will be helpful for proposing effective treatments for liver diseases and cancer.

Automated summary

The liver is a lymphoid organ with unique immunological properties, and the balance between immune tolerance and immune activity is crucial for its physiological functions and sensitivity to diseases. Research on hepatic innate lymphocytes, including NK cells, ILC1/2/3s, NKT cells, gamma delta T cells, and MAIT cells, has become a focus, providing insights into their roles in liver homeostasis maintenance and disease progression. Understanding the immunopathogenesis of hepatic innate lymphocytes may lead to more effective treatments for liver diseases and cancer.