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Ubiquitin-Modulated Phase Separation of Shuttle Proteins: Does Condensate Formation Promote Protein Degradation?

Journal

BIOESSAYS
Volume 42, Issue 11, Pages -

Publisher

WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000036

Keywords

autophagy; biomolecular condensates; liquid-liquid phase separation; polyubiquitin; proteasomal degradation; protein quality control; ubiquitin shuttle proteins

Funding

  1. ALS Association [18-IIP-400]
  2. National Science Foundation [1750462]
  3. NIH [R01 GM136946]
  4. Div Of Molecular and Cellular Bioscience
  5. Direct For Biological Sciences [1750462] Funding Source: National Science Foundation

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Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) has recently emerged as a possible mechanism that enables ubiquitin-binding shuttle proteins to facilitate the degradation of ubiquitinated substrates via distinct protein quality control (PQC) pathways. Shuttle protein LLPS is modulated by multivalent interactions among their various domains as well as heterotypic interactions with polyubiquitin chains. Here, the properties of three different shuttle proteins (hHR23B, p62, and UBQLN2) are closely examined, unifying principles for the molecular determinants of their LLPS are identified, and how LLPS is connected to their functions is discussed. Evidence supporting LLPS of other shuttle proteins is also found. In this review, it is proposed that shuttle protein LLPS leads to spatiotemporal regulation of PQC activities by mediating the recruitment of PQC machinery (including proteasomes or autophagic components) to biomolecular condensates, assembly/disassembly of condensates, selective enrichment of client proteins, and extraction of ubiquitinated proteins from condensates in cells.

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