Journal
ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY, VOL 61, 2021
Volume 61, Issue -, Pages 701-721Publisher
ANNUAL REVIEWS
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-032320-015420
Keywords
excitatory/inhibitory imbalance; neurological disorders; NMDA receptors; NMDA receptor antagonists; NitroSynapsin
Categories
Funding
- National Institutes of Health [DP1 DA041722, R01 DA048882, R01 NS086890, R01 AG056259, U24 AG051129, RF1 AG057409]
- California Institute of Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) award [DISC211070]
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The balance between excitation and inhibition in a neuronal network, known as excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance, is crucial for normal brain function. In pathological conditions, this balance can be disrupted, leading to E/I imbalance and network dysfunction. Developing therapies to rebalance neural networks is important for improving neurological function in diseases associated with E/I imbalance.
Excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance, defined as the balance between excitation and inhibition of synaptic activity in a neuronal network, accounts in part for the normal functioning of the brain, controlling, for example, normal spike rate. In many pathological conditions, this fine balance is perturbed, leading to excessive or diminished excitation relative to inhibition, termed E/I imbalance, reflected in network dysfunction. E/I imbalance has emerged as a contributor to neurological disorders that occur particularly at the extremes of life, including autism spectrum disorder and Alzheimer's disease, pointing to the vulnerability of neuronal networks at these critical life stages. Hence, it is important to develop approaches to rebalance neural networks. In this review, we describe emerging therapies that can normalize the E/I ratio or the underlying abnormality that contributes to the imbalance in electrical activity, thus improving neurological function in these maladies.
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