Journal
ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS, VOL 51, 2020
Volume 51, Issue -, Pages 433-460Publisher
ANNUAL REVIEWS
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012220-120819
Keywords
coevolution; food webs; graph theory; individual specialization; modularity; nestedness
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Funding
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico [307134/2017-2]
- Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo [2018/14809-0]
- Royal Society, London [CHL/R1/180156]
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Interactions connect the units of ecological systems, forming networks. Individual-based networks characterize variation in niches among individuals within populations. These individual-based networks merge with each other, forming species-based networks and food webs that describe the architecture of ecological communities. Networks at broader spatiotemporal scales portray the structure of ecological interactions across landscapes and over macroevolutionary time. Here, I review the patterns observed in ecological networks across multiple levels of biological organization. A fundamental challenge is to understand the amount of interdependence as we move from individual-based networks to species-based networks and beyond. Despite the uneven distribution of studies, regularities in network structure emerge across scales due to the fundamental architectural patterns shared by complex networks and the interplay between traits and numerical effects. I illustrate the integration of these organizational scales by exploring the consequences of the emergence of highly connected species for network structures across scales.
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