Journal
METABOLITES
Volume 10, Issue 6, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/metabo10060239
Keywords
flavonoids; free amino acids; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS); proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (H-1-NMR); isoflavonoids; liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS); phenolics; shikimate acid; soluble sugars; terpenes
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Funding
- Spanish Government [CGL2016-79835-P]
- European Research Council Synergy grant [ERC-SyG-2013-610028 IMBALANCE-P]
- Catalan Government [SGR 2017-1005]
- Czech Ministry of Education grant SustES-Adaptation strategies for sustainable ecosystem services and food security under adverse environmental conditions [CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000797]
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The number of ecometabolomic studies, which use metabolomic analyses to disentangle organisms' metabolic responses and acclimation to a changing environment, has grown exponentially in recent years. Here, we review the results and conclusions of ecometabolomic studies on the impacts of four main drivers of global change (increasing frequencies of drought episodes, heat stress, increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and increasing nitrogen (N) loads) on plant metabolism. Ecometabolomic studies of drought effects confirmed findings of previous target studies, in which most changes in metabolism are characterized by increased concentrations of soluble sugars and carbohydrate derivatives and frequently also by elevated concentrations of free amino acids. Secondary metabolites, especially flavonoids and terpenes, also commonly exhibited increased concentrations when drought intensified. Under heat and increasing N loads, soluble amino acids derived from glutamate and glutamine were the most responsive metabolites. Foliar metabolic responses to elevated atmospheric CO(2)concentrations were dominated by greater production of monosaccharides and associated synthesis of secondary metabolites, such as terpenes, rather than secondary metabolites synthesized along longer sugar pathways involving N-rich precursor molecules, such as those formed from cyclic amino acids and along the shikimate pathway. We suggest that breeding for crop genotypes tolerant to drought and heat stress should be based on their capacity to increase the concentrations of C-rich compounds more than the concentrations of smaller N-rich molecules, such as amino acids. This could facilitate rapid and efficient stress response by reducing protein catabolism without compromising enzymatic capacity or increasing the requirement for re-transcription and de novo biosynthesis of proteins.
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