Journal
MICROORGANISMS
Volume 8, Issue 6, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060901
Keywords
calves; Clostridioides difficile; digestate; ribotype 033; ribotype 126; Thr82Ile; Holstein
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Funding
- University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno [FVL/Treml/ITA 2019]
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To investigate a possibleClostridioides difficilereservoir in the Czech Republic, we performed a study in 297 calves from 29 large-scale dairy farms. After enrichment, faecal samples were inoculated onto selective agar forC. difficile. From the 297 samples, 44C. difficileisolates were cultured (prevalence of 14.8%, 10 farms). The Holstein breed and use of digestate were associated withC. difficilecolonisation (p< 0.05).C. difficileisolates belonged to the ribotype/sequence type: RT033/ST11 (n= 37), RT126/ST11 (n= 6) and RT046/ST35 (n= 1). A multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis revealed four clonal complexes of RT033 isolates and one clonal complex of RT126 isolates. All isolates were sensitive to amoxicillin, metronidazole and vancomycin. Forty isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, twenty-one to clindamycin, seven to erythromycin, seven to tetracycline and six to moxifloxacin. Moxifloxacin resistant isolates revealed an amino-acid substitution Thr82Ile in the GyrA. In conclusion, the calves of Holstein breed from farms using digestate as a product of bio-gas plants are more likely to be colonised by clonally-relatedC. difficileof ST 11 represented by ribotypes 033 and 126. The identified resistance to moxifloxacin with a Thr82Ile substitution in the GyrA highlights the need for further monitoring by the One health approach.
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