Journal
ANTIOXIDANTS
Volume 9, Issue 6, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060532
Keywords
astaxanthin; fucoxanthin; beta-carotene; lycopene; bixin; apocarotenoids; p53; anthracyclines
Funding
- KU Research Professor Program of Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- National Research Foundation (NRF) - Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT), Republic of Korea [2019R1G1A1006815]
- NRF grant, MSIT, Republic of Korea [2019R1G1A1006815]
- National Research Foundation of Korea [2019R1G1A1006815, 22A20153813519] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
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Carotenoids are well known for their potent antioxidant function in the cellular system. However, in cancer cells with an innately high level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), carotenoids may act as potent pro-oxidant molecules and trigger ROS-mediated apoptosis. In recent years, the pro-oxidant function of several common dietary carotenoids, including astaxanthin, beta-carotene, fucoxanthin, and lycopene, has been investigated for their effective killing effects on various cancer cell lines. Besides, when carotenoids are delivered with ROS-inducing cytotoxic drugs (e.g., anthracyclines), they can minimize the adverse effects of these drugs on normal cells by acting as antioxidants without interfering with their cytotoxic effects on cancer cells as pro-oxidants. These dynamic actions of carotenoids can optimize oxidative stress in normal cells while enhancing oxidative stress in cancer cells. This review discusses possible mechanisms of carotenoid-triggered ROS production in cancer cells, the activation of pro-apoptotic signaling by ROS, and apoptotic cell death. Moreover, synergistic actions of carotenoids with ROS-inducing anti-cancer drugs are discussed, and research gaps are suggested.
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