Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON TRANSPORTATION ELECTRIFICATION
Volume 6, Issue 2, Pages 453-463Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TTE.2020.2980744
Keywords
Resilience; Charging stations; Power system reliability; Batteries; Electric vehicles; Battery energy storage system (BESS); electric vehicles (EVs); fast-charging station (FCS); resilience; sizing
Funding
- Energy Efficiency and Resources of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) - Korea Government Ministry of Knowledge Economy [20192010106750]
- Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology (KEIT) [20192010106750] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
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To determine the optimal size of an energy storage system (ESS) in a fast electric vehicle (EV) charging station, minimization of ESS cost, enhancement of EVs' resilience, and reduction of peak load have been considered in this article. Especially, the resilience aspect of the EVs is focused due to its significance for EVs during power outages. First, the stochastic load of the fast-charging station (FCS) and the resilience load of the EVs are estimated using probability distribution functions. This information is utilized to maintain the energy level in the ESS to ensure the resilience of EVs during power outages. Then, the annualized cost of the ESS is determined using the annual interest rate and lifetime of ESS components. Finally, the optimal ESS size is determined using the annualized ESS cost, penalty cost for buying power during peak hours, and penalty cost for resilience violations. Simulations along with sensitivity analysis of uncertainties (market price, arrival time of EVs, and the residual energy level of EVs), number of EVs in the FCS, and converter ratings are conducted. Simulation results have shown that increasing the penalty cost for peak intervals is a viable solution to decrease the peak load while controlling the cost of the FCS.
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