The laboratory tests and host immunity of COVID-19 patients with different severity of illness

BACKGROUND. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a severe outbreak throughout the world. The host immunity of COVID-19 patients is unknown. METHODS. The routine laboratory tests and host immunity in COVID-19 patients with different severity of illness were compared after patient admission. RESULTS. A total of 65 SARS-CoV-2-positive patients were classified as having mild (n = 30), severe (n = 20), and extremely severe (n = 15) illness. Many routine laboratory tests, such as ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase, and D-dimer, were increased in severe and extremely severe patients. The absolute numbers of CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, and B cells were gradually decreased with increased severity of illness. The activation markers such as HLA-DR and CD45RO expressed on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were increased in severe and extremely severe patients compared with mild patients. The costimulatory molecule CD28 had opposite results. The percentage of natural Tregs was decreased in extremely severe patients. The percentage of IFN-gamma-producing CD8(+) T cells was increased in both severe and extremely severe patients compared with mild patients. The percentage of IFN-gamma-producing CD8(+) T cells was increased in extremely severe patients. IL-2R, 1L-6, and IL-10 were all increased in extremely severe patients. The activation of DC and B cells was decreased in extremely severe patients. CONCLUSION. The number and function of T cells are inconsistent in COVID-19 patients. The hyperfunction of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells is associated with the pathogenesis of extremely severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.