Revealing hidden energy poverty in Hong Kong: a multi-dimensional framework for examining and understanding energy poverty

Energy poverty and other social aspects of energy are an important but under-researched area in the sustainability literature. This article challenges the effectiveness of the traditional expenditure-based 10%-income indicator in reflecting the nature and complexity of energy poverty, with particular reference to a case study in Hong Kong. To advance the energy poverty literature, this study proposes a multidimensional framework to conceptualise the complex linkages between vulnerability factors, impacts, and responses of energy-poor households. Based on analysis of five in-depth household case studies and 14 semistructured interviews, three main findings are presented. First, the proposed integrated framework reveals that households in the Hong Kong context exposed to multiple vulnerability factors adopted various responses to energy poverty challenges. Second, the traditional expenditure-based indicator is not effective in identifying energy poor households. Most of the interviewed households did not reach the 10% income expenditure line but their lived experience suggests that they are energy poor. Household under-consumption of energy as a survival mechanism to cope with energy poverty vulnerabilities is a critical process through which households fall into hidden energy poverty. Thirdly, household responses to energy poverty impacted health, learning environment, family relationships, and dignity. These findings suggest that future policy responses to energy poverty should pay more attention to non-economic indicators, in particular households' lived experiences.