Journal
CELLS
Volume 9, Issue 8, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/cells9081768
Keywords
cell signaling; neurodegeneration; neuromuscular junction; neuroregeneration; Schwann cells
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Funding
- Cariparo Foundation
- Provincia Autonoma di Trento (Bando Grandi Progetti 2012, AXonomIX)
- Interomics project of the CNR
- Italian Ministry of Defence (RIPANE)
- University of Padua (DOR)
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The peripheral nervous system has retained through evolution the capacity to repair and regenerate after assault from a variety of physical, chemical, or biological pathogens. Regeneration relies on the intrinsic abilities of peripheral neurons and on a permissive environment, and it is driven by an intense interplay among neurons, the glia, muscles, the basal lamina, and the immune system. Indeed, extrinsic signals from the milieu of the injury site superimpose on genetic and epigenetic mechanisms to modulate cell intrinsic programs. Here, we will review the main intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms allowing severed peripheral axons to re-grow, and discuss some alarm mediators and pro-regenerative molecules and pathways involved in the process, highlighting the role of Schwann cells as central hubs coordinating multiple signals. A particular focus will be provided on regeneration at the neuromuscular junction, an ideal model system whose manipulation can contribute to the identification of crucial mediators of nerve re-growth. A brief overview on regeneration at sensory terminals is also included.
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