Journal
CANCERS
Volume 12, Issue 8, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082155
Keywords
androgen receptor; estrogen receptor; glucocorticoid receptor; progesterone receptor; urothelial cancer; vitamin D receptor
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Preclinical and/or clinical evidence has indicated a potential role of steroid hormone-mediated signaling pathways in the development of various neoplastic diseases, while precise mechanisms for the functions of specific receptors remain poorly understood. Specifically, in urothelial cancer where sex-related differences particularly in its incidence are noted, activation of sex hormone receptors, such as androgen receptor and estrogen receptor-beta, has been associated with the induction of tumor development. More recently, glucocorticoid receptor has been implied to function as a suppressor of urothelial tumorigenesis. This article summarizes and discusses available data suggesting that steroid hormone receptors, including androgen receptor, estrogen receptor-alpha, estrogen receptor-beta, glucocorticoid receptor, progesterone receptor and vitamin D receptor, as well as their related signals, contribute to modulating urothelial tumorigenesis.
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