Journal
ACS ENERGY LETTERS
Volume 5, Issue 7, Pages 2283-2290Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01153
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Funding
- Materials Department, Oxford [EP/R010145/1]
- 111 project of China [D17003]
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)
- SUPER-GEN Energy Storage Hub [EP/L019469/1]
- Enabling Next Generation Lithium Batteries [EP/M009521/1]
- Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials [EP/R010145/1, EP/R00661X/1, EP/S019367/1]
- Faraday Institution All-Solid-State Batteries with Li and Na Anodes [FIRG007, FIRG008]
- Royal Society
- EPSRC [2285747, EP/L019469/1, EP/R010145/1, EP/M009521/1, EP/S019367/1] Funding Source: UKRI
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Multivalent cation rechargeable batteries, including those based on Ca, Mg, Al, etc., have attracted considerable interest as candidates for beyond Li-ion batteries. Recent developments have realized promising electrolyte compositions for rechargeable Ca batteries; however, an in-depth understanding of the Ca plating and stripping behavior and the mechanisms by which adverse dendritic growth may occur remains underdeveloped. In this work, via in situ transmission electron microscopy, we have captured the real-time nucleation, growth, and dissolution of Ca and the formation of dead Ca and demonstrated the critical role of current density and the solid-electrolyte interphase layer in controlling the plating morphology. In particular, the interface was found to influence Ca deposition morphology and can lead to Ca dendrite growth under unexpected conditions. These observations allow us to propose a model explaining the preferred conditions for reversible and efficient Ca plating.
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