Journal
TOXINS
Volume 12, Issue 8, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080473
Keywords
Helicobacter pylori; antibiotic resistance; biofilm formation; biofilm-specific resistance; amoxicillin; clarithromycin; levofloxacin; metronidazole; tetracycline
Categories
Funding
- National Institutes of Health [DK62813]
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) of Japan [221S0002, 16H06279, 18KK0266, 19H03473, 18K16182]
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Institutional Program for Young Researcher Overseas Visits
- Strategic Funds for the Promotion of Science and Technology Agency (JST) [123.4/D2.3/KP/2018]
- Hibah Riset Mandat Universitas Airlangga
- Japanese Government (MEXT)
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [18K16182] Funding Source: KAKEN
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We evaluated biofilm formation of clinicalHelicobacter pyloriisolates from Indonesia and its relation to antibiotic resistance. We determined the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of amoxicillin, clarithromycin, levofloxacin, metronidazole and tetracycline by the Etest to measure the planktonic susceptibility of 101H. pyloristrains. Biofilms were quantified by the crystal violet method. The minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) was obtained by measuring the survival of bacteria in a biofilm after exposure to antibiotics. The majority of the strains formed a biofilm (93.1% (94/101)), including weak (75.5%) and strong (24.5%) biofilm-formers. Planktonic resistant and sensitive strains produced relatively equal amounts of biofilms. The resistance proportion, shown by the MBEC measurement, was higher in the strong biofilm group for all antibiotics compared to the weak biofilm group, especially for clarithromycin (p =0.002). Several cases showed sensitivity by the MIC measurement, but resistance according to the MBEC measurements (amoxicillin, 47.6%; tetracycline, 57.1%; clarithromycin, 19.0%; levofloxacin, 38.1%; and metronidazole 38.1%). Thus, biofilm formation may increase the survival ofH. pyloriand its resistance to antibiotics. Biofilm-related antibiotic resistance should be evaluated with antibiotic susceptibility.
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