Distribution ofSalmonellaSerovars in Humans, Foods, Farm Animals and Environment, Companion and Wildlife Animals in Singapore

We analyzed the epidemiological distribution ofSalmonellaserovars in humans, foods, animals and the environment as a One-Health step towards identifying risk factors for human salmonellosis. Throughout the 2012-2016 period,Salmonellaser. Enteritidis was consistently the predominating serovar attributing to >20.0% of isolates in humans. Other most common serovars in humans includeSalmonellaser. Stanley,Salmonellaser. Weltevreden,Salmonellaser. Typhimurium andSalmonellaser. 4,5,12:b:-(dT+).S.Enteritidis was also the most frequent serovar found among the isolates from chicken/chicken products (28.5%) and eggs/egg products (61.5%) during the same period. In contrast,S.Typhimurium (35.2%) andSalmonellaser. Derby (18.8%) were prevalent in pork/pork products.S. Weltevreden was more frequent in seafood (19.2%) than others (<= 3.0%). Most isolates (>80.0%) from farms, companion and wildlife animals belonged to serovars other thanS. Enteritidis orS. Typhimurium. Findings demonstrate the significance of a One-Health investigative approach to understand the epidemiologySalmonellafor more effective and integrated surveillance systems.