Journal
NUTRIENTS
Volume 12, Issue 8, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/nu12082383
Keywords
blood-brain barrier; apoptosis; hippocampus; microglia; astrocyte; streptozotocin
Categories
Funding
- National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) - Korean, government (MSIT) [NRF-2019R1A2C2003750, NRF-2019R1A2C1005791]
- Brain Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea - Korean government (MIST) [2017M37A1025369]
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Type 1 diabetes mellitus is known to be linked to the impairment of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity following neuronal cell death. Here, we investigated whether GS-KG9 and GS-E3D, bioactive ginseng extracts from Korean ginseng (Panax ginsengMeyer), inhibit BBB disruption following neuronal death in the hippocampus in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats showing type 1-like diabetes mellitus. GS-KG9 and GS-E3D (50, 150, or 300 mg/kg, twice a day for 4 weeks) administered orally showed antihyperglycemic activity in a dose-dependent manner and significantly attenuated the increase in BBB permeability and loss of tight junction proteins. GS-KG9 and GS-E3D also inhibited the expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and the infiltration of macrophages into the brain parenchyma, especially into the hippocampal region. In addition, microglia and astrocyte activation in the hippocampus and the expression of proinflammatory mediators such astnf-alpha,Il-1 beta,IL-6,cox-2, andinoswere markedly alleviated in GS-KG9 and GS-E3D-treated group. Furthermore, apoptotic cell death of hippocampal neurons, especially in CA1 region, was significantly reduced in GS-KG9 and GS-E3D-treated groups as compared to vehicle control. These results suggest that GS-KG9 and GS-E3D effectively prevent apoptotic cell death of hippocampal neurons by inhibiting BBB disruption and may be a potential therapy for the treatment of diabetic patients.
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