Journal
VIRUSES-BASEL
Volume 12, Issue 7, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/v12070726
Keywords
HERV; HERV-K; HML-2 subtype; endogenous retrovirus; oncogenesis; cancer; neoantigen; tumor-specific antigens; immune response; immunotherapy
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Funding
- US National Institutes of Health [CA206488]
- Brazilian Ministry of Health
- Department of Medicine, Fund for the Future program at Weill Cornell Medicine
- Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA)
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In diseases where epigenetic mechanisms are changed, such as cancer, many genes show altered gene expression and inhibited genes become activated. Human endogenous retrovirus type K (HERV-K) expression is usually inhibited in normal cells from healthy adults. In tumor cells, however, HERV-K mRNA expression has been frequently documented to increase. Importantly, HERV-K-derived proteins can act as tumor-specific antigens, a class of neoantigens, and induce immune responses in different types of cancer. In this review, we describe the function of the HERV-K HML-2 subtype in carcinogenesis as biomarkers, and their potential as targets for cancer immunotherapy.
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