4.6 Review

Cerebral organoids to unravel the mechanisms underlying malformations of human cortical development

Journal

SEMINARS IN CELL & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
Volume 111, Issue -, Pages 15-22

Publisher

ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.06.001

Keywords

iPS cells; Cerebral organoids; Malformations of human cortical development; Psychiatric disorders

Funding

  1. ERA-NET NEURON
  2. STEM-MCD
  3. German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) [01GQ1423B]
  4. Hector Stiftung II

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Genetic studies have identified mutations associated with malformations of cortical development in humans, and human brain organoids derived from pluripotent stem cells are used as a model to investigate these mechanisms. This model provides insights into the underlying pathomechanisms of MCD, reflecting the phenotypic features of these diseases.
Genetic studies identified multiple mutations associated with malformations of cortical development (MCD) in humans. When analyzing the underlying mechanisms in non-human experimental models it became increasingly evident, that these mutations accumulate in genes, which functions evolutionary progressed from rodents to humans resulting in an incomplete reflection of the molecular and cellular alterations in these models. Human brain organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells resemble early aspects of human brain development to a remarkable extent making them an attractive model to investigate MCD. Here we review how human brain organoids enable the generation of fundamental new insight about the underlying pathomechanisms of MCD. We show how phenotypic features of these diseases are reflected in human brain organoids and discuss challenges and future considerations but also limitations for the use of human brain organoids to model human brain development and associated disorders.

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