The E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH1 regulates antimalaria immunity through interferon signaling and T cell activation

Malaria infection induces complex and diverse immune responses. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying host-parasite interaction, we performed a genetic screen during early (24 h) Plasmodium yoelii infection in mice and identified a large number of interacting host and parasite genes/loci after transspecies expression quanti-tative trait locus (Ts-eQTL) analysis. We next investigated a host E3 ubiquitin ligase gene (March1) that was clustered with interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) based on the similarity of the genome-wide pattern of logarithm of the odds (LOD) scores (GPLS). March1 inhibits MAVS/STING/TRIF-induced type I IFN (IFN-I) signaling in vitro and in vivo. However, in malaria-infected hosts, deficiency of March1 reduces IFN-I production by activating inhib-itors such as SOCS1, USP18, and TRIM24 and by altering immune cell populations. March1 deficiency increases CD86+DC (dendritic cell) populations and levels of IFN-gamma and interleukin 10 (IL-10) at day 4 post infection, leading to improved host survival. T cell depletion reduces IFN-gamma level and reverse the protective effects of March1 deficiency, which can also be achieved by antibody neu-tralization of IFN-gamma. This study reveals functions of MARCH1 (membrane-associated ring-CH-type finger 1) in innate immune responses and provides potential avenues for activating antima-laria immunity and enhancing vaccine efficacy.