RNA contributions to the form and function of biomolecular condensates

Recent studies have highlighted the contribution of RNA to cellular liquid-liquid phase separation and condensate formation. RNA features modulate the composition and biophysical properties of RNA-protein condensates, which have various cellular functions, including RNA transport and localization, supporting catalytic processes and responding to stress. Biomolecular condensation partitions cellular contents and has important roles in stress responses, maintaining homeostasis, development and disease. Many nuclear and cytoplasmic condensates are rich in RNA and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), which undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Whereas the role of RBPs in condensates has been well studied, less attention has been paid to the contribution of RNA to LLPS. In this Review, we discuss the role of RNA in biomolecular condensation and highlight considerations for designing condensate reconstitution experiments. We focus on RNA properties such as composition, length, structure, modifications and expression level. These properties can modulate the biophysical features of native condensates, including their size, shape, viscosity, liquidity, surface tension and composition. We also discuss the role of RNA-protein condensates in development, disease and homeostasis, emphasizing how their properties and function can be determined by RNA. Finally, we discuss the multifaceted cellular functions of biomolecular condensates, including cell compartmentalization through RNA transport and localization, supporting catalytic processes, storage and inheritance of specific molecules, and buffering noise and responding to stress.

Automated summary

Recent studies have shown the significant contribution of RNA to cellular liquid-liquid phase separation and condensate formation, which play important roles in various cellular functions such as RNA transport, supporting catalytic processes, and stress responses. Although RNA and RNA-protein condensates are important in cells, the role of RNA in liquid-liquid phase separation has received less attention in comparison to RNA-binding proteins.Properties such as composition, length, structure, modifications, and expression levels of RNA can modulate the biophysical features of native condensates, influencing their size, shape, viscosity, and composition. RNA-protein condensates are involved in various cellular functions, including cell compartmentalization through RNA transport and localization, supporting catalytic processes, storage and inheritance of specific molecules, as well as buffering noise and responding to stress.